Page Last Updated: May 17, 2026

USDTL Urine Toxicology (Maternal)🔗

Table Name	`bio_bm_biosample_urine_results`
Construct	Drug Panel, Toxins
Study Visits	V01
Administration	Respondent: Pregnant/postpartum person Method: Self-collected (5 min estimated duration)
Quality Control	Examine assay ranges and categorical versus continuous measures

USDTL Screening Updates
As of May 19, 2025, USDTL transitioned the initial urine screening test for fentanyl and sufentanil from LDTD to ELISA. As of November 2025, urine samples were no longer assayed for sufentanil, and USDTL simplified its specimen validity assessment, replacing a multi-parameter algorithm (including pH and nitrite) with a single creatinine-based measure to evaluate urine hydration.

Continuous Variables
Continuous variables should be interpreted with caution based on limits of quantification (LOQ), i.e. the minimum concentration at which metabolites can be reliably quantified. See Urine Assay Thresholds for Analytes.

Urinary Concentration Corrections
Urinary concentration varies by participant. Researchers who wish to correct for urinary concentration in continuous measures, or apply different thresholds, can do so using creatinine or specific gravity results from sample validation.

Large Gaps Between Collection and Analysis Dates
A substantial number of samples show unusually long intervals between collection and analysis (e.g., over 100–300 days, compared to the 30-day limit specified by internal SOPs). We are working to determine whether this reflects a data entry or site-level issue and will provide an update once more information is available.

Instrument Details🔗

Urine toxicology assay results include:

Screening results: initial screening results for substances (e.g. Amphetamine/s_amp_u), determined to be positive/negative based on predefined thresholds, or invalid based on Validation Procedures
Confirmatory results: confirm positive screening results for a given substance analyte, e.g. Amphetamine, including continuous (c_amp_u) and categorical (c_amp_u_cat) results
Classification: results are grouped into different classes based on analyte screening and confirmatory tests (Mapping From Class to Screening & Confirmatory Tests)

Analytes	Unit	LODLimit of detection	LOQLimit of quantification	CutoffThreshold used to classify results as positive or negative	Detection Window
2-Hydroxyethylflurazepam	ng/mL	20	40	100	1–4 days
6-MAM	ng/mL	2	4	10	8 hours
7-Aminoflunitrazepam / 7-Aminoclonazepam / 7-Aminonitrazepam	ng/mL	20	40	100	1–4 days
α-Hydroxyalprazolam / α-Hydroxymidazolam / α-Hydroxytirazolam	ng/mL	20	40	100	1–4 days
Amphetamine / Methamphetamine	ng/mL	50	100	250	2–3 days
Amobarbital / Butalbital	ng/mL	40	100	200	2–4 days
Benzoylecgonine	ng/mL	20	50	100	2–3 days
Buprenorphine / Norbuprenorphine	ng/mL	1	2	5	2–3 days
Carboxy-delta-9-THC	ng/mL	3	7.5	15	Casual: 2–5; Chronic: 10–14 days
Carboxy-delta-8-THC	ng/mL	3	7.5	15	No consensus
Carboxy-cannabidiol	ng/mL	10	25	50	No consensus
Carisoprodol	ng/mL	10	20	50	2–3 days
Codeine / Hydrocodone	ng/mL	10	50	100	2–3 days
CotinineBased on DRI® Cotinine assay (qualitative/semiquantitative)	ng/mL	34	34	500	Up to 7 days
EDDP	ng/mL	60	120	300	2–3 days
Ethyl glucuronide	ng/mL	50	100	100	2–3 days
Ethyl sulfate	ng/mL	12.5	25	25	2–3 days
Fentanyl / Norfentanyl / Alfentanil / Sufentanil	pg/mL	40	40	100	2–3 days
Hydromorphone / Morphine	ng/mL	10	50	100	2–3 days
Ketamine / Norketamine	ng/mL	10	50	100	2–3 days
Lorazepam / Nordiazepam / Oxazepam / Temazepam	ng/mL	20	40	100	1–4 days
MDA / MDMA / MDEA	ng/mL	50	100	250	2–3 days
Meprobamate	ng/mL	10	20	50	2–3 days
Methadone	ng/mL	60	120	300	2–3 days
Normeperidine	ng/mL	40	100	200	2–3 days
Norpropoxyphene	ng/mL	10	50	100	2–3 days
Oxycodone / Oxymorphone	ng/mL	60	120	300	2–3 days
Pentobarbital / Secobarbital	ng/mL	40	100	200	1–2 days
Phenobarbital	ng/mL	40	100	200	2 weeks
Phencyclidine	ng/mL	5	12.5	25	2–3 days
Tramadol	ng/mL	40	80	200	2–3 days
Zolpidem / Zolpidem Carboxylic Acid	ng/mL	4	8	20	2–3 days

Class	Screening Test	Confirmatory Test (positive screen reflex)
stimulant (`c_any_stim_u`)	amp (`s_amp_u`)	Amphetamine (`c_amp_u`) Methamphetamine (`c_meth_u`)
	mdma (`s_mdma_u`)	MDM (`c_mdm_u`) MDA (`c_mda_u`) MDEA (`c_mdea_u`)
	coc (`s_coc_u`)	Benzoylecgonine (`c_ben_u`)
cannabinoid (`c_any_cannabinoid_u`)	thc (`s_thc_u`)	Carboxy-delta-9-THC (`c_delta-9-THC_u`) Carboxy-Cannabidiol (`c_cannabidiol_u`) Carboxy-delta-8-THC (`c_delta-8-THC_u`)
barbiturate (`c_any_barb_u`)	bar (`s_bar_u`)	Amobarbital (`c_amobarb_u`) Secobarbital (`c_secobarb_u`) Pentobarbital (`c_pentobarb_u`) Phenobarbital (`c_phenobarb_u`) Butalbital (`c_butalbital_u`)
benzodiazepine (`c_any_benzo_u`)	benz (`s_benz_u`)	Oxazepam (`c_oxaz_u`) Nordiazepam (`c_nord_u`) Temazepam (`c_tema_u`) Hydroxymidazolam (`c_homi_u`) Alphahydroxyalprazolam (`c_aha_u`) 2hydroxyethylflurazepam (`c_2hef_u`) 7Aminoclonazepam (`c_7ac_u`) 7Aminoflunitrazepam (`c_7af_u`) 7Aminonitrazepam (`c_7an_u`) Alphahydroxytriazolam (`c_aht_u`) Lorazepam (`c_lor_u`)
opioids (`c_any_opioid_u`)	opi (`s_opi_u`)	Codeine (`c_cod_u`) Morphine (`c_mor_u`) MAM (`c_mam_u`) Hydrocodone (`c_hydroc_u`) Hydromorphone (`c_hydrom_u`)
	mtd (`s_mtd_u`)	Methadone (`c_mtd_u`) EDDP (`c_eddp_u`)
	ppx (`s_ppx_u`)	Norpropoxyphene (`c_nppx_u`)
	oxyc (`s_oxyc_u`)	Oxycodone (`c_oxyc_u`) Oxymorphone (`c_oxym_u`)
	mep (`s_mep_u`)	Normeperidine (`c_nmep_u`)
	tram (`s_tram_u`)	Tramadol (`c_tram_u`)
	fent (`s_fent_u`)	Fentanyl (`c_fent_u`) Norfentanyl (`c_nfent_u`) Alfentanil (`c_afent_u`)
	suf (`s_suf_u`)	Norsufentanil (`c_nsuf_u`) Sufentanil (`c_suf_u`)
	bup (`s_bup_u`)	Buprenorphine (`c_bup_u`) Norbuprenorpine (`c_nbup_u`)
muscle relaxant (`c_any_mscrlx_u`)	crs (`s_crs_u`)	Carisoprodol (`c_crs_u`) Meprobamate (`c_mepb_u`)
ethanol (`c_ethanol_u`)	etgeia (`s_etgeia_u`)	EthylGluc-0100 (`c_ethglu_u`) EthylSul-100 (`c_ethsyl_u`)
sedative (`c_sedative_u`)	zol (`s_zol_u`)	Zolpidem (`c_zol_u`) Zolpidem CA (`c_zolc_u`)
dissociative anesthetic (`c_disanesth_u`)	ket (`s_ket_u`) pcp (`s_pcp_u`)	Ketamine (`c_ket_u`) Norketamine (`c_nket_u`) Phencyclidine (`c_pcp_u`)
nicotine (`c_nicotine_u`)		Cotinine (`c_cot_u`)

Assay results may be scored as invalid if specimens are identified as dilute, substituted, adulterated, or otherwise insufficient based on validation. Validation is based on creatinine, pH, and nitrite measurements, with creatinine analysis repeated to rule out issues with the first analysis (e.g., sample mix-ups, air bubble in a line on the instrument). Specimens with low creatinine (< 20 mg/dL) are confirmed using specific gravity via a refractometer. Decision grid:

Creatinine (mg/dL)	Specific Gravity
Creatinine (mg/dL)	1.000	1.001	1.002	1.003–1.019	≥1.020
0–1.9	Substituted	Substituted	Invalid	Invalid	Substituted
2.0–19.9	Invalid	Invalid	Dilute	Normal	Normal
>20	Normal — Specific Gravity not required

Final results for each substance follow these rules:

Positive results: If any confirmatory test for a substance analyte (e.g., Amphetamine/c_amp_u) is positive, then the corresponding class-level (c_any_stim_u) and overall sample-level (c_any_specimen_u) results are also positive.
Negative results: If all confirmatory tests for analytes in a class are negative (e.g., c_ethglu_u, c_ethsyl_u), then the class-level result (e.g., c_etgeia_u) is negative. If all classes are negative, the overall sample-level (c_any_specimen_u) result is negative.
Invalid results: If any confirmatory test for a substance analyte is invalid, then the corresponding class-level and overall sample-level results are also invalid.

Level	Result Type	Example	Options
Specimen	Confirmatory results (presence of any analyte)	`c_any_specimen_u`	`1`=positive `0`=negative `3`=invalid
Class	Confirmatory results (presence of any analyte in class)	`c_any_stim_u`
Analyte	Screening results	`s_amp_u`
	Confirmatory results	`c_amp_u`	concentration value
	Confirmatory results - categorical	`c_amp_u_cat`⁠¹	`1`=positive `0`=negative `3`=invalid `4`=screen negative
¹Note: the categorical confirmatory test variable for nicotine follows the convention `c_nicotine_u`

References🔗

Sullivan, E. L., Bogdan, R., Bakhireva, L., Levitt, P., Jones, J., Sheldon, M., Croff, J. M., Thomason, M., Lo, J. O., MacIntyre, L., Shrivastava, S., Cioffredi, L.-A., Edlow, A. G., Howell, B. R., Chaiyachati, B. H., Lashley-Simms, N., Molloy, K., Lam, C., Stoermann, A. M., … HBCD Biospecimens Workgroup. (2024). Biospecimens in the HEALthy Brain and Child Development (HBCD) study: Rationale and protocol. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 70(101451), 101451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2024.101451