Protective and Compensatory Experiences🔗
| Name | Current Protective and Compensatory Experiences (C-PACES) |
| Table Name | sed_bm_paces
sed_cg_paces |
| Construct | Protective Factors |
| Study Visits | C-PACES: V01 |
| Type | Remote Questionnaire (Parent on Self) |
| Quality Control | Data dashboard was monitored for variable missingness, possible coding errors, scoring verification, and data consistency. |
Instrument Details🔗
Protective and Compensatory Experience (PACEs) is a 10-question scale with scores ranging between 0 and 10 assessing protective experiences, including relationships, feelings of connectedness, physical activity, engagement, environment, and opportunities. The versions assess protective experiences at two periods of time:
- Current PACEs (C-PACEs): Protective experiences in the last year
- Retrospective PACEs (R-PACEs) <18: Protective experiences in childhood through age 18
"Decline to answer” was added as a response option for all items. Minor updates were made to instruction item language, including "Please select the response that best describes you." in place of: "On a scale of 1 to 5, fill the circle of the number that best describes how often each of the items occurred."
Current PACEs (C-PACEs)
Item responses can range from 1 (Never) to 5 (Very Often). The summary score is calculated as the average of responses to the 10 items (sed_bm_paces_001 through sed_bm_paces_010), yielding scores from 1 to 5, with higher scores indicating more protective experiences.
The summary score is calculated only if at least 7 items are completed, in which case the score is the average of the completed items. If fewer than 7 items are completed (i.e. 4 or more items have responses of ‘Decline to answer’ or ‘I don’t know’), the summary score is set to missing.
Retrospective PACEs ( R-PACEs) <18
Item responses are coded as 0 (No) and 1 (Yes). Total scores are calculated as the sum of responses to instrument items 1 through 10 (sed_cg_paces_001 through sed_cg_paces_010). Therefore, total scores can range from 0 to 10 (higher scores indicating more protective experiences) if all items are answered. If items are skipped or missed, the score is calculated as the sum of all available responses.
Morris, A. S., Hays-Grudo, J., Zapata, M. I., Treat, A., & Kerr, K. L. (2021). Adverse and protective childhood experiences and parenting attitudes: The role of cumulative protection in understanding resilience. Adversity and Resilience Science, 2(3), 181–192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42844-021-00036-8
Morris, A. S., Treat, A., Hays-Grudo, J., Chesher, T., Williamson, A. C., & Mendez, J. (2018). Integrating research and theory on early relationships to guide intervention and prevention. In Building Early Social and Emotional Relationships with Infants and Toddlers (pp. 1–25). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03110-7_1